Basel Accords - Revision history

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 *[[Basel II]]: The second Basel Accord, called Revised Capital Framework but better known as Basel II, served as an update of the original accord. It focuses on three main areas: minimum capital requirements, supervisory review of an institution's capital adequacy and internal assessment process, and effective use of disclosure as a lever to strengthen market discipline and encourage sound banking practices including supervisory review. Together, these areas of focus are known as the three pillars.
 *[[Basel III]]: In the wake of the Lehman Brothers collapse of 2008 and the ensuing financial crisis, the BCBS decided to update and strengthen the Accords. It saw poor governance and risk management, inappropriate incentive structures, and overleveraged banking industry as reasons for the collapse. In July 2010, an agreement was reached regarding the overall design of the capital and liquidity reform package. This agreement is now known as Basel III. Basel III is a continuation of the three pillars, along with additional requirements and safeguards, including requiring banks to have a minimum amount of common equity and a minimum liquidity ratio. Basel III also includes additional requirements for what the Accord calls "systemically important banks," or those financial institutions that are colloquially called "too big to fail." The implementation of Basel III has been gradual and began in January 2013. It is expected to be completed by Jan. 1, 2019.
-Basel IV: Basel IV is the informal name for a set of proposed banking reforms building on the international banking accords known as Basel I, Basel II, and Basel III. It is also referred to as Basel 3.1. It is scheduled to begin implementation on Jan. 1, 2023.
+*Basel IV: Basel IV is the informal name for a set of proposed banking reforms building on the international banking accords known as Basel I, Basel II, and Basel III. It is also referred to as Basel 3.1. It is scheduled to begin implementation on Jan. 1, 2023.

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−	== How to support the Basel Accord<ref>https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSN364_8.8.0/com.ibm.ima.tut/tut/bas_imp/bas_int.html How Does a Financial Institution be Basel Compliant? ]</ref> ==	+	== How to support the Basel Accord<ref>[https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSN364_8.8.0/com.ibm.ima.tut/tut/bas_imp/bas_int.html How Does a Financial Institution be Basel Compliant?]</ref> ==
	The ability of a financial institution to deem itself Basel compliant involves a complex list of tasks and actions. The Basel Accord has evolved over a number of decades now and requires a financial institution to quantify the risk of its assets and provide a buffer in the form of a capital requirement to be available if such risks are even partially realized. While stated simply, the requirements have changed over time, and involve the ability to aggregate financial information using specific categories and classifications of asset and risk, and performing complex calculations of risk factors to quantify both exposure and risk in the financial institution’s books.		The ability of a financial institution to deem itself Basel compliant involves a complex list of tasks and actions. The Basel Accord has evolved over a number of decades now and requires a financial institution to quantify the risk of its assets and provide a buffer in the form of a capital requirement to be available if such risks are even partially realized. While stated simply, the requirements have changed over time, and involve the ability to aggregate financial information using specific categories and classifications of asset and risk, and performing complex calculations of risk factors to quantify both exposure and risk in the financial institution’s books.

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:57, 15 March 2023
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	*[http://www.nibmindia.org/admin/fckImages/A2-Vinimaya%20XXXVII%20No%203.pdf Basel Accords and their Implications on Banking Business]		*[http://www.nibmindia.org/admin/fckImages/A2-Vinimaya%20XXXVII%20No%203.pdf Basel Accords and their Implications on Banking Business]
	*[http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=142067 Do the Basel Accords Have the Desired Effect?]		*[http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=142067 Do the Basel Accords Have the Desired Effect?]
		+	__NOTOC__

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 The stated aims of the accord are to:
 *Improve the banking sector's ability to absorb shocks that arise from financial and economic stress, whatever the source
-*Improve [[Risk_Management|risk management]] and [[Governance|governance]]
+*Improve risk management and governance
 *Strengthen banks' transparency and disclosures.
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 '''The Evolution of Basel Accords'''<ref>The Evolution of Basel Accords [https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/basel_accord.asp Invetopedia]</ref><br />
 *[[Basel I]]
-The first Basel Accord, known as Basel I, was issued in 1988 and focuses on the [[capital]] adequacy of financial institutions. The capital adequacy [[risk]] (the risk that a financial institution will be hurt by an unexpected loss), categorizes the assets of financial institutions into five risk categories (0%, 10%, 20%, 50% and 100%). Under Basel I, banks that operate internationally are required to have a risk weight of 8% or less.
+The first Basel Accord, known as Basel I, was issued in 1988 and focuses on the capital adequacy of financial institutions. The capital adequacy risk (the risk that a financial institution will be hurt by an unexpected loss), categorizes the assets of financial institutions into five risk categories (0%, 10%, 20%, 50% and 100%). Under Basel I, banks that operate internationally are required to have a risk weight of 8% or less.
 *[[Basel II]]
-The second Basel Accord, called Revised Capital [[Framework]] but better known as Basel II, served as an update of the original accord. It focuses on three main areas: minimum capital requirements, supervisory review of an institution's capital adequacy and internal assessment [[process]], and effective use of disclosure as a lever to strengthen [[market]] discipline and encourage sound banking practices including supervisory review. Together, these areas of focus are known as the three pillars.
+The second Basel Accord, called Revised Capital Framework but better known as Basel II, served as an update of the original accord. It focuses on three main areas: minimum capital requirements, supervisory review of an institution's capital adequacy and internal assessment process, and effective use of disclosure as a lever to strengthen market discipline and encourage sound banking practices including supervisory review. Together, these areas of focus are known as the three pillars.
 *[[Basel III]]
-In the wake of the Lehman Brothers collapse of 2008 and the ensuing financial crisis, the BCBS decided to update and strengthen the Accords. It saw poor [[governance]] and risk [[management]], inappropriate incentive structures and an overleveraged banking [[industry]] as reasons for the collapse. In July 2010, an agreement was reached regarding the overall [[design]] of the capital and liquidity reform package. This agreement is now known as Basel III.
+In the wake of the Lehman Brothers collapse of 2008 and the ensuing financial crisis, the BCBS decided to update and strengthen the Accords. It saw poor governance and risk management, inappropriate incentive structures and an overleveraged banking industry as reasons for the collapse. In July 2010, an agreement was reached regarding the overall design of the capital and liquidity reform package. This agreement is now known as Basel III.
 Basel III is a continuation of the three pillars, along with additional requirements and safeguards, including requiring banks to have minimum amount of common equity and a minimum liquidity ratio. Basel III also includes additional requirements for what the Accord calls "systemically important banks," or those financial institutions that are colloquially called "too big to fail."
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 '''How Does a Financial Institution be Basel Compliant?'''<ref>How Does a Financial Institution be Basel Compliant? [https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSN364_8.8.0/com.ibm.ima.tut/tut/bas_imp/bas_int.html IBM]</ref><br />
-The ability of a financial institution to deem itself Basel [[Compliance|compliant]] involves a complex list of tasks and actions. The Basel Accord has evolved over a number of decades now, and requires a financial institution to quantify the risk of its assets and provide a buffer in the form of a capital [[requirement]] to be available if such risks being even partially realized. While stated simply, the requirements have changed over time, and involve the ability to aggregate financial information using specific categories and classifications of [[asset]] and risk, and performing complex [[Risk_Analysis|calculations of risk factors]] to quantify both exposure and risk in the financial institution’s books.
+The ability of a financial institution to deem itself Basel compliant involves a complex list of tasks and actions. The Basel Accord has evolved over a number of decades now, and requires a financial institution to quantify the risk of its assets and provide a buffer in the form of a capital requirement to be available if such risks being even partially realized. While stated simply, the requirements have changed over time, and involve the ability to aggregate financial information using specific categories and classifications of asset and risk, and performing complex [[Risk_Analysis|calculations of risk factors]] to quantify both exposure and risk in the financial institution’s books.
-Such a substantial undertaking involves multiple parts of the [[organization]], who need to understand the underlying [[business]] needs, specify the ongoing operational and reporting requirements and probe the capability of the underlying information systems to support such requirements.
+Such a substantial undertaking involves multiple parts of the organization, who need to understand the underlying business needs, specify the ongoing operational and reporting requirements and probe the capability of the underlying information systems to support such requirements.
-By creating a [[Data_Warehouse|data warehouse]] of the atomic information about the bank’s assets, customers, counterparties, and resources, the bank allows an integrated view of its business to emerge. A major challenge consists of ensuring the accuracy and availability of detailed information requirements for Basel [[compliance]].
+By creating a data warehouse of the atomic information about the bank’s assets, customers, counterparties, and resources, the bank allows an integrated view of its business to emerge. A major challenge consists of ensuring the accuracy and availability of detailed information requirements for Basel compliance.
-It is often a major struggle for banks to understand and specify the entirety of what is required. The Basel publications by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) provide a description of the reasons behind the requirements, and are subject to consultative refinement; the final requirements for any aspect of Basel emerge after a succession of documents have been published, and are often lengthy, wordy documents, rather than a clear specification of [[data]] requirements. Banks are also subject to local refinements by the supervising bank of their jurisdiction. What is required in such an undertaking is a way to translate the multiple and layered sets of publications into a clear set of information requirements, and from this to set about supporting the required data elements in a consolidated way.
+It is often a major struggle for banks to understand and specify the entirety of what is required. The Basel publications by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) provide a description of the reasons behind the requirements, and are subject to consultative refinement; the final requirements for any aspect of Basel emerge after a succession of documents have been published, and are often lengthy, wordy documents, rather than a clear specification of data requirements. Banks are also subject to local refinements by the supervising bank of their jurisdiction. What is required in such an undertaking is a way to translate the multiple and layered sets of publications into a clear set of information requirements, and from this to set about supporting the required data elements in a consolidated way.
@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 '''Looking Ahead: What to expect?'''<ref>Looking Ahead: What to expect? [http://www.thegeekyalpha.com/2017/03/a-brief-history-of-basel-accords-basel.html Sahil Bihari]</ref><br />
-Following Basel III, the banking [[system]] has been able to raise billions of dollars in regulatory capital, hire thousands of extra regulatory and compliance personnel and shed off trillions of dollars of risky assets. This has resulted in a lean and efficient global banking machinery. However, although the Basel III guidelines have tackled most of the shortfalls of the previous accord, the banking environment is constantly evolving and new kinds of risks keep emerging every now and then.
+Following Basel III, the banking system has been able to raise billions of dollars in regulatory capital, hire thousands of extra regulatory and compliance personnel and shed off trillions of dollars of risky assets. This has resulted in a lean and efficient global banking machinery. However, although the Basel III guidelines have tackled most of the shortfalls of the previous accord, the banking environment is constantly evolving and new kinds of risks keep emerging every now and then.
-Not so long ago, the Banking industry fell in love with the Tech industry and together they gave birth to the FinTech industry. This industry is highly unregulated at the moment and lacks proper supervision. In recent years, slowly but steadily people have been moving their money from traditional brick and mortar banks to these [[internet]]-only digital banks. With online banks, [[Crypto Currency|cryptocurrencies]] and the [[Internet of Things (IoT)]] coming into the picture, it is becoming harder and harder to decipher which firms qualify as a bank and which ones are just tech firms. Also, with the growing role of technology in banks comes an exponentially higher amount of [[Cyber Security|cyber risk]] associated with their banking activities.
+Not so long ago, the Banking industry fell in love with the Tech industry and together they gave birth to the FinTech industry. This industry is highly unregulated at the moment and lacks proper supervision. In recent years, slowly but steadily people have been moving their money from traditional brick and mortar banks to these internet-only digital banks. With online banks, cryptocurrencies and the Internet of Things (IoT) coming into the picture, it is becoming harder and harder to decipher which firms qualify as a bank and which ones are just tech firms. Also, with the growing role of technology in banks comes an exponentially higher amount of cyber risk associated with their banking activities.
-Although it is too early to say what Basel IV would look like, it would be great to have some guidelines [[accounting]] for cyber risk and encouraging higher disclosure of reserves and other financial statistics.
+Although it is too early to say what Basel IV would look like, it would be great to have some guidelines accounting for cyber risk and encouraging higher disclosure of reserves and other financial statistics.
@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 [[IT Governance]]
 [[IT Governance Framework]]
 [[Enterprise_Risk_Management_(ERM)|Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)]]<br />
 [[Compliance|Compliance]]<br />
 [[Data_Governance|Data Governance]]<br />
 [[Corporate Governance]]<br />
 [[Risk Assessment]]<br />
 [[Risk Assessment Framework (RAF)]]<br />

@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 Following Basel III, the banking [[system]] has been able to raise billions of dollars in regulatory capital, hire thousands of extra regulatory and compliance personnel and shed off trillions of dollars of risky assets. This has resulted in a lean and efficient global banking machinery. However, although the Basel III guidelines have tackled most of the shortfalls of the previous accord, the banking environment is constantly evolving and new kinds of risks keep emerging every now and then.
 Not so long ago, the Banking industry fell in love with the Tech industry and together they gave birth to the FinTech industry. This industry is highly unregulated at the moment and lacks proper supervision. In recent years, slowly but steadily people have been moving their money from traditional brick and mortar banks to these [[internet]]-only digital banks. With online banks, [[Crypto Currency|cryptocurrencies]] and the [[Internet of Things (IoT)]] coming into the picture, it is becoming harder and harder to decipher which firms qualify as a bank and which ones are just tech firms. Also, with the growing role of technology in banks comes an exponentially higher amount of [[Cyber Security|cyber risk]] associated with their banking activities.
-Although it is too early to say what Basel IV would look like, it would be great to have some guidelines [[accounting]] for cyber risk and encouraging higher disclosure of reserves and other financial [[statistics]].
+Although it is too early to say what Basel IV would look like, it would be great to have some guidelines [[accounting]] for cyber risk and encouraging higher disclosure of reserves and other financial statistics.

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:01, 5 February 2019
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	It is often a major struggle for banks to understand and specify the entirety of what is required. The Basel publications by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) provide a description of the reasons behind the requirements, and are subject to consultative refinement; the final requirements for any aspect of Basel emerge after a succession of documents have been published, and are often lengthy, wordy documents, rather than a clear specification of data requirements. Banks are also subject to local refinements by the supervising bank of their jurisdiction. What is required in such an undertaking is a way to translate the multiple and layered sets of publications into a clear set of information requirements, and from this to set about supporting the required data elements in a consolidated way.		It is often a major struggle for banks to understand and specify the entirety of what is required. The Basel publications by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) provide a description of the reasons behind the requirements, and are subject to consultative refinement; the final requirements for any aspect of Basel emerge after a succession of documents have been published, and are often lengthy, wordy documents, rather than a clear specification of data requirements. Banks are also subject to local refinements by the supervising bank of their jurisdiction. What is required in such an undertaking is a way to translate the multiple and layered sets of publications into a clear set of information requirements, and from this to set about supporting the required data elements in a consolidated way.

		+
		+	== The Future ==
		+
		+	'''Looking Ahead: What to expect?'''<ref>Looking Ahead: What to expect? [http://www.thegeekyalpha.com/2017/03/a-brief-history-of-basel-accords-basel.html Sahil Bihari]</ref><br />
		+	Following Basel III, the banking system has been able to raise billions of dollars in regulatory capital, hire thousands of extra regulatory and compliance personnel and shed off trillions of dollars of risky assets. This has resulted in a lean and efficient global banking machinery. However, although the Basel III guidelines have tackled most of the shortfalls of the previous accord, the banking environment is constantly evolving and new kinds of risks keep emerging every now and then.
		+	Not so long ago, the Banking industry fell in love with the Tech industry and together they gave birth to the FinTech industry. This industry is highly unregulated at the moment and lacks proper supervision. In recent years, slowly but steadily people have been moving their money from traditional brick and mortar banks to these internet-only digital banks. With online banks, [[Crypto Currency\|cryptocurrencies]] and the [[Internet of Things (IoT)]] coming into the picture, it is becoming harder and harder to decipher which firms qualify as a bank and which ones are just tech firms. Also, with the growing role of technology in banks comes an exponentially higher amount of [[Cyber Security\|cyber risk]] associated with their banking activities.
		+	Although it is too early to say what Basel IV would look like, it would be great to have some guidelines accounting for cyber risk and encouraging higher disclosure of reserves and other financial statistics.


Line 72:		Line 79:

	<references/>		<references/>
		+
		+
		+	== Further Reading ==
		+
		+	*The Financial Crisis, Basel Accords and Bank Regulations: An Overview [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321717307_The_Financial_Crisis_Basel_Accords_and_Bank_Regulations_An_Overview Mona A. Elbannan]
		+	*Basel Accords and their Implications on Banking Business [http://www.nibmindia.org/admin/fckImages/A2-Vinimaya%20XXXVII%20No%203.pdf SV Kuvalekar]
		+	*Do the Basel Accords Have the Desired Effect? [http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=142067 Tilburg University]

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:48, 5 February 2019
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−	'''~~Content Coming Soon~~'''	+	The Basel Accords are a set of banking regulation recommendations that the [[Risk_Management\|risk management]] practices for active financial institutions in the international arena.
		+
		+	The stated aims of the accord are to:
		+	*Improve the banking sector's ability to absorb shocks that arise from financial and economic stress, whatever the source
		+	*Improve [[Risk_Management\|risk management]] and [[Governance\|governance]]
		+	*Strengthen banks' transparency and disclosures.
		+
		+	Although the BIS introduced the Basel Accord to be implemented globally, different global regions, for example, United States, European Union and countries within regions, are allowed to customize the BIS regulations to comply with their own regulator(s) individual requirements, if these customizations are within the BIS Accord.<ref>About the Basel Accord [https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSN364_8.8.0/com.ibm.ima.tut/tut/bas_imp/abo_bas.html Knowledge Center]</ref>
		+
		+
		+
		+	== History of the Basel Accords ==
		+
		+	'''The Evolution of Basel Accords'''<ref>The Evolution of Basel Accords [https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/basel_accord.asp Invetopedia]</ref><br />
		+	*[[Basel I]]
		+	The first Basel Accord, known as Basel I, was issued in 1988 and focuses on the capital adequacy of financial institutions. The capital adequacy risk (the risk that a financial institution will be hurt by an unexpected loss), categorizes the assets of financial institutions into five risk categories (0%, 10%, 20%, 50% and 100%). Under Basel I, banks that operate internationally are required to have a risk weight of 8% or less.
		+
		+	*[[Basel II]]
		+	The second Basel Accord, called Revised Capital Framework but better known as Basel II, served as an update of the original accord. It focuses on three main areas: minimum capital requirements, supervisory review of an institution's capital adequacy and internal assessment process, and effective use of disclosure as a lever to strengthen market discipline and encourage sound banking practices including supervisory review. Together, these areas of focus are known as the three pillars.
		+
		+	*[[Basel III]]
		+	In the wake of the Lehman Brothers collapse of 2008 and the ensuing financial crisis, the BCBS decided to update and strengthen the Accords. It saw poor governance and risk management, inappropriate incentive structures and an overleveraged banking industry as reasons for the collapse. In July 2010, an agreement was reached regarding the overall design of the capital and liquidity reform package. This agreement is now known as Basel III.
		+
		+	Basel III is a continuation of the three pillars, along with additional requirements and safeguards, including requiring banks to have minimum amount of common equity and a minimum liquidity ratio. Basel III also includes additional requirements for what the Accord calls "systemically important banks," or those financial institutions that are colloquially called "too big to fail."
		+
		+	The implementation of Basel III has been gradual and began in January 2013. It is expected to be completed by Jan. 1, 2019.
		+
		+
		+	== The Need for Basel Accord ==
		+
		+	'''Why did we ever need a Basel Accord?'''<ref>Why did we ever need a Basel Accord? [http://www.thegeekyalpha.com/2017/03/a-brief-history-of-basel-accords-basel.html The Geeky Alpha]</ref><br />
		+	In the 1980s, the rate of bank failures in the United States was increasing at an appalling rate. This was primarily due to the Savings and Loan (S&L) Crisis and the fact that banks had been lending recklessly. As a result, the external debt of a lot of countries had been growing at an unsustainable rate and the probability of major international banks going belly up was alarmingly high. The banking industry was going through a turmoil and was terribly in need of a framework to bring some order amidst the chaos. To prevent all hell from breaking loose, representatives from central banks and supervisory authorities of 10 countries, known as the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), met in 1987 in Basel, Switzerland to issue guidelines relating to capital and risk management activities of global banking institutions. This was the beginning of the Basel Accords.
		+
		+
		+	== How to support the Basel Accord ==
		+
		+	'''How Does a Financial Institution be Basel Compliant?'''<ref>How Does a Financial Institution be Basel Compliant? [https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSN364_8.8.0/com.ibm.ima.tut/tut/bas_imp/bas_int.html IBM]</ref><br />
		+	The ability of a financial institution to deem itself Basel [[Compliance\|compliant]] involves a complex list of tasks and actions. The Basel Accord has evolved over a number of decades now, and requires a financial institution to quantify the risk of its assets and provide a buffer in the form of a capital requirement to be available if such risks being even partially realized. While stated simply, the requirements have changed over time, and involve the ability to aggregate financial information using specific categories and classifications of asset and risk, and performing complex [[Risk_Analysis\|calculations of risk factors]] to quantify both exposure and risk in the financial institution’s books.
		+
		+	Such a substantial undertaking involves multiple parts of the organization, who need to understand the underlying business needs, specify the ongoing operational and reporting requirements and probe the capability of the underlying information systems to support such requirements.
		+
		+	By creating a [[Data_Warehouse\|data warehouse]] of the atomic information about the bank’s assets, customers, counterparties, and resources, the bank allows an integrated view of its business to emerge. A major challenge consists of ensuring the accuracy and availability of detailed information requirements for Basel compliance.
		+
		+	It is often a major struggle for banks to understand and specify the entirety of what is required. The Basel publications by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) provide a description of the reasons behind the requirements, and are subject to consultative refinement; the final requirements for any aspect of Basel emerge after a succession of documents have been published, and are often lengthy, wordy documents, rather than a clear specification of data requirements. Banks are also subject to local refinements by the supervising bank of their jurisdiction. What is required in such an undertaking is a way to translate the multiple and layered sets of publications into a clear set of information requirements, and from this to set about supporting the required data elements in a consolidated way.
		+
		+
		+
		+	== See Also ==
		+
		+	[[IT Governance]]
		+	[[IT Governance Framework]]
		+	[[Risk_Management\|Risk Management]]<br />
		+	[[Enterprise_Risk_Management_(ERM)\|Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)]]<br />
		+	[[Compliance\|Compliance]]<br />
		+	[[Data_Governance\|Data Governance]]<br />
		+	[[Corporate Governance]]<br />
		+	[[Risk Analysis]]<br />
		+	[[Risk Assessment]]<br />
		+	[[Risk Assessment Framework (RAF)]]<br />
		+	[[COBIT_(Control_Objectives_for_Information_and_Related_Technology)\|COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology)]]<br />
		+	[[ITIL_(Information_Technology_Infrastructure_Library)\|ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library)]]<br />
		+	[[Balanced_Scorecard\|Balanced Scorecard]]<br />
		+	[[IT_Strategy_(Information_Technology_Strategy)\|Technology Strategic Planning]]<br />
		+	[[Business_Strategy\|Business Strategy]]<br />
		+	[[Corporate_Governance\|Corporate Governance]]<br />
		+	[[Corporate_Strategy\|Corporate Strategy]]<br />
		+	[[Enterprise_Architecture\|Enterprise Architecture]]<br />
		+	[[COSO_Internal_Control_Integrated_Framework\|COSO Internal Control- Integrated Framework ]]
		+
		+
		+	== References ==
		+
		+	<references/>