E-Governance - Revision history

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 == What is E-Governance? ==
-'''E-Governance''' refers to the use of electronic communication technologies, such as the Internet, to provide public services and conduct government business. It can also refer to the use of information and communication technologies to improve the efficiency, transparency, and accountability of government operations. E-governance can include a range of activities, such as the creation and maintenance of government websites, the use of electronic voting systems, the use of electronic systems for the delivery of services to citizens, and the use of social media and other online platforms for public engagement and communication. The goal of e-governance is to make it easier for citizens to access government services and information, and to improve the overall efficiency and effectiveness of government operations.
+'''E-governance''' (electronic governance) is the use of digital technologies, particularly information and communication technologies (ICT), to improve the efficiency, transparency, and accessibility of government services and operations. It aims to streamline interactions between government agencies and citizens, businesses, and other government bodies by delivering services, information, and administrative functions online.
 E-governance expands to electronic governance, which is the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in all the processes, with the aim of enhancing the government's ability to address the needs of the general public. The basic purpose of e-governance is to simplify processes for all, i.e. government, citizens, businesses, etc. at the National, State, and local levels. In short, it is the use of electronic means, to promote good [[governance]]. It connotes the implementation of information technology in the government processes and functions so as to cause simple, moral, accountable, and transparent governance. It entails the access and delivery of government services, dissemination of information, and communication in a quick and efficient manner.<ref>[https://businessjargons.com/e-governance.html What is e-Governance? -Business Jargons]</ref>

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 *[[Cyber Security]] in Public Sector: E-governance platforms are often targets for cyber threats, so linking to cybersecurity strategies is relevant.
 *Smart Cities and IoT: Many e-governance initiatives are part of broader smart city initiatives, where IoT technology plays a role in public services.
-Public Sector Digital Services: Covers topics related to the digitalization of public services and citizen engagement, directly aligned with e-governance.
+*Public Sector Digital Services: Covers topics related to the digitalization of public services and citizen engagement, directly aligned with e-governance.
 *[[Risk Management]] in IT Governance: E-governance projects come with risks that must be managed, especially concerning project delivery, technology integration, and citizen trust.
 *[[Blockchain]] in Government: E-governance initiatives increasingly explore blockchain for transparency and security, so this could be another valuable link.

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 == See Also ==
-*[[Social Media Governance]]
+*[[IT Governance]]: A natural link between e-governance and IT governance as both deal with overseeing and managing technology in alignment with organizational goals, though e-governance is more focused on the public sector.
-*[[Policy Governance]]
+*[[Digital Transformation (DX)]]: E-governance is a key part of digital transformation in government and public institutions, so this page should explore broader organizational change through digital tools.

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:36, 17 September 2024
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	'''E-Governance''' refers to the use of electronic communication technologies, such as the Internet, to provide public services and conduct government business. It can also refer to the use of information and communication technologies to improve the efficiency, transparency, and accountability of government operations. E-governance can include a range of activities, such as the creation and maintenance of government websites, the use of electronic voting systems, the use of electronic systems for the delivery of services to citizens, and the use of social media and other online platforms for public engagement and communication. The goal of e-governance is to make it easier for citizens to access government services and information, and to improve the overall efficiency and effectiveness of government operations.		'''E-Governance''' refers to the use of electronic communication technologies, such as the Internet, to provide public services and conduct government business. It can also refer to the use of information and communication technologies to improve the efficiency, transparency, and accountability of government operations. E-governance can include a range of activities, such as the creation and maintenance of government websites, the use of electronic voting systems, the use of electronic systems for the delivery of services to citizens, and the use of social media and other online platforms for public engagement and communication. The goal of e-governance is to make it easier for citizens to access government services and information, and to improve the overall efficiency and effectiveness of government operations.

−	E-governance expands to electronic governance, which is the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in all the processes, with the aim of enhancing the government's ability to address the needs of the general public. The basic purpose of e-governance is to simplify processes for all, i.e. government, citizens, businesses, etc. at the National, State, and local levels. In short, it is the use of electronic means, to promote good governance. It connotes the implementation of information technology in the government processes and functions so as to cause simple, moral, accountable, and transparent governance. It entails the access and delivery of government services, dissemination of information, and communication in a quick and efficient manner.<ref>[https://businessjargons.com/e-governance.html What is e-Governance? -Business Jargons]</ref>	+	E-governance expands to electronic governance, which is the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in all the processes, with the aim of enhancing the government's ability to address the needs of the general public. The basic purpose of e-governance is to simplify processes for all, i.e. government, citizens, businesses, etc. at the National, State, and local levels. In short, it is the use of electronic means, to promote good [[governance]]. It connotes the implementation of information technology in the government processes and functions so as to cause simple, moral, accountable, and transparent governance. It entails the access and delivery of government services, dissemination of information, and communication in a quick and efficient manner.<ref>[https://businessjargons.com/e-governance.html What is e-Governance? -Business Jargons]</ref>

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 == See Also ==
 *[[Social Media Governance]]
 *[[Information Management]]
 *[[Policy Governance]]
 *[[Resource Management]]
 *[[Records Management]]

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 E-governance refers to the use of electronic communication technologies, such as the Internet, to provide public services and conduct government business. It can also refer to the use of information and communication technologies to improve the efficiency, transparency, and accountability of government operations. E-governance can include a range of activities, such as the creation and maintenance of government websites, the use of electronic voting systems, the use of electronic systems for the delivery of services to citizens, and the use of social media and other online platforms for public engagement and communication. The goal of e-governance is to make it easier for citizens to access government services and information, and to improve the overall efficiency and effectiveness of government operations.
-E-governance, expands to electronic governance, is the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in all the processes, with the aim of enhancing government's ability to address the needs of the general public. The basic purpose of e-governance is to simplify processes for all, i.e. government, citizens, businesses, etc. at the National, State, and local levels. In short, it is the use of electronic means, to promote good governance. It connotes the implementation of information technology in the government processes and functions so as to cause simple, moral, accountable, and transparent governance. It entails the access and delivery of government services, dissemination of information, and communication in a quick and efficient manner.<ref>What is e-Governance? [https://businessjargons.com/e-governance.html Business Jargons]</ref>
+E-governance, expands to electronic governance, is the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in all the processes, with the aim of enhancing government's ability to address the needs of the general public. The basic purpose of e-governance is to simplify processes for all, i.e. government, citizens, businesses, etc. at the National, State, and local levels. In short, it is the use of electronic means, to promote good governance. It connotes the implementation of information technology in the government processes and functions so as to cause simple, moral, accountable, and transparent governance. It entails the access and delivery of government services, dissemination of information, and communication in a quick and efficient manner.<ref>[https://businessjargons.com/e-governance.html What is e-Governance? -Business Jargons]</ref>
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-== Scope of e-Governance <ref>Scope of e-Governance [http://indiaegovernance.blogspot.com/2008/03/scope-of-e-governance.html IndiaEgovernance]</ref> ==
+== Scope of e-Governance <ref>[http://indiaegovernance.blogspot.com/2008/03/scope-of-e-governance.html Scope of e-Governance -IndiaEgovernance]</ref> ==
 Governance is all about flow of information between the Government and Citizens, Government and Businesses and Government and Government. E-Governance also covers all these relationships as follows:
 *A. Government to Citizen (G2C): Government to Citizen relationship is the most basic aspect of E-Governance. In modern times, Government deals with many aspects of the life of a citizen. The relation of a citizen with the Government starts with the birth and ends with the death of the citizen. A person transacts with the Government on every corner of his life. May it be birth registration, marriage registration, divorce or death registration. The G2C relation will include the services provided by the Government to the Citizens. These services include the public utility services i.e. Telecommunication, Transportation, Post, Medical facilities, Electricity, Education and also some of the democratic services relating to the citizenship such as Certification, Registration, Licensing, Taxation, Passports, ID Cards etc. Therefore E-Governance in G2C relationship will involve facilitation of the services flowing from Government towards Citizens with the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT).
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-== Aspects of e-Governance <ref>Aspects of e-Governance [^http://indiaegovernance.blogspot.com/2008/03/aspects-of-e-governance.html|Abhijeet Joshi]</ref> ==
+== Aspects of e-Governance <ref>[http://indiaegovernance.blogspot.com/2008/03/aspects-of-e-governance.html Aspects of e-Governance -Abhijeet Joshi]</ref> ==
 *Information Management: Information management is gathering and storing at one place, the information relating to the Government and Governing process. It is the systematic arrangement/classification of information. If the information of the Government is gathered at one place without any arrangement or management, it would prove difficult for the users to find the required information. Managing information is an important aspect of E-governance. Information management addresses the issues like – How to provide? What to provide? Whom to Provide? When to provide? Where to provide? Why to provide? The process of information management may further be divided into three aspects
 **(1) Database Management,
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-== Phases of e-Governance <ref>Phases of e-Governance [https://www.ita.gov.om/ITAPortal/Info/FAQ_eGovernmen.aspx e-Oman]</ref> ==
+== Phases of e-Governance <ref>[https://www.ita.gov.om/ITAPortal/Info/FAQ_eGovernmen.aspx Phases of e-Governance -e-Oman]</ref> ==
 *Information Phase
 In the first phase, e-Governance means, a presence on the web, providing the public (G2C & G2B) with relevant information. The format of the early government websites is similar to that of a brochure or leaflet. The value to the public is that government information is publicly accessible; processes are described and become more transparent, which improves democracy and service. Internally (G2G) the government can also deliver static information with electronic means, such as the Internet.
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-== e-Governance Models (Figure 1.) <ref>e-Governance Models [http://www.drishtiias.com/upsc-exam-gs-resources-E-Governance-Models dristiias.com]</ref> ==
+== e-Governance Models (Figure 1.) <ref>[http://www.drishtiias.com/upsc-exam-gs-resources-E-Governance-Models e-Governance Models -dristiias.com]</ref> ==
 There are five models of e-governance as given by Prof Dr. Arie Halachimi which can be used as a guide in designing e-government initiative depending on local situation and governance activities that are expected to be delivered.
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-== e-Governance Vs. e-Government <ref>e-Governance Vs. e-Government [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-governance Wikipedia]</ref> ==
+== e-Governance Vs. e-Government <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-governance e-Governance Vs. e-Government -Wikipedia]</ref> ==
 Both terms are treated to be the same; however, there is a difference between the two. "E-government" is the use of the ICTs in public administration – combined with organizational change and new skills – to improve public services and democratic processes and to strengthen support to public. The problem in this definition to be congruence definition of e-governance is that there is no provision for governance of ICTs. As a matter of fact, the governance of ICTs requires most probably a substantial increase in regulation and policy-making capabilities, with all the expertise and opinion-shaping processes along the various social stakeholders of these concerns. So, the perspective of the e-governance is "the use of the technologies that both help governing and have to be governed". The public–private partnership (PPP) based e-governance projects are hugely successful in India. Many countries are looking forward to a corruption-free government. E-government is one-way communication protocol whereas e-governance is two-way communication protocol. The essence of e-governance is to reach the beneficiary and ensure that the services intended to reach the desired individual has been met with. There should be an auto-response to support the essence of e-governance, whereby the Government realizes the efficacy of its governance. E-governance is by the governed, for the governed and of the governed. Establishing the identity of the end beneficiary is a challenge in all citizen-centric services. Statistical information published by governments and world bodies does not always reveal the facts. The best form of e-governance cuts down on unwanted interference of too many layers while delivering governmental services. It depends on good infrastructural setup with the support of local processes and parameters for governments to reach their citizens or end beneficiaries. Budget for planning, development and growth can be derived from well laid out e-governance systems.
-== Models of e-Government <ref>Models of e-Government [https://www.coe.int/t/dgap/democracy/Activities/GGIS/E-governance/Work_of_egovernance_Committee/Kate_Oakley_eGovernance_en.asp Kate Oakley]</ref> ==
+== Models of e-Government <ref>[https://www.coe.int/t/dgap/democracy/Activities/GGIS/E-governance/Work_of_egovernance_Committee/Kate_Oakley_eGovernance_en.asp Models of e-Government -Kate Oakley]</ref> ==
 Just as ‘governance’ varies from place to place, so does e-governance and we are mistaken if we view the technology as ‘neutral’ or take too deterministic a view of e-governance. E-governance will be different in Australia, or France or Malaysia, just as it will be different at the local level – in Inner London or rural Scotland for example. The technological processes may be similar, but the norms, assumptions, and political drivers will vary hugely. There are at least three main models of e-government currently operating:
 *The ‘New Economy’ Model – this stresses the similarities between e-government and e-business, is focused on delivering high quality public services and on moving to a more ‘self service’ citizenship, which over time will shrink the size of the state. E-governance is seen both as a response to the demands of businesses and of citizens used to dealing with e-businesses and hence stresses convenience, 24-hour access and so on. It is also seen as a regional and local tool for economic development – the development of e-governance will help attract high technology businesses to an area, perceived as technology friendly. In this model, the development of infrastructure tends to follow the market, with a consequent ‘digital divide.’ The US is the best example of this, but other countries such as New Zealand or the UK have adopted elements of this model.
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-== Benefits of e-Governance (Figure 2.)<ref>Benefits of e-Governance  [https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-the-difference-between-egovernment-and-egovernance-1503018565-1 Jagran Josh]</ref> ==
+== Benefits of e-Governance (Figure 2.)<ref>[https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-the-difference-between-egovernment-and-egovernance-1503018565-1 Benefits of e-Governance  -Jagran Josh]</ref> ==
 [[File:E-Governance1.jpg|300px|Benefits of E-Governance]]<br />

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 == Scope of e-Governance <ref>Scope of e-Governance [http://indiaegovernance.blogspot.com/2008/03/scope-of-e-governance.html IndiaEgovernance]</ref> ==
 Governance is all about flow of information between the Government and Citizens, Government and Businesses and Government and Government. E-Governance also covers all these relationships as follows:
-*A. Government to Citizen (G2C): Government to Citizen relationship is the most basic aspect of E-Governance. In modern times, Government deals with many aspects of the life of a citizen. The relation of a citizen with the Government starts with the birth and ends with the death of the citizen. A person transacts with the Government on every corner of his life. May it be birth registration, marriage registration, divorce or death registration. The G2C relation will include the services provided by the Government to the Citizens. These services include the public utility services i.e. Telecommunication, Transportation, Post, Medical facilities, Electricity, Education and also some of the democratic services relating to the citizenship such as Certification, Registration, Licensing, Taxation, Passports, ID Cards etc. Therefore E-Governance in G2C relationship will involve facilitation of the services flowing from Government towards Citizens with the use of [[Information and Communications Technology (ICT)]].
+*A. Government to Citizen (G2C): Government to Citizen relationship is the most basic aspect of E-Governance. In modern times, Government deals with many aspects of the life of a citizen. The relation of a citizen with the Government starts with the birth and ends with the death of the citizen. A person transacts with the Government on every corner of his life. May it be birth registration, marriage registration, divorce or death registration. The G2C relation will include the services provided by the Government to the Citizens. These services include the public utility services i.e. Telecommunication, Transportation, Post, Medical facilities, Electricity, Education and also some of the democratic services relating to the citizenship such as Certification, Registration, Licensing, Taxation, Passports, ID Cards etc. Therefore E-Governance in G2C relationship will involve facilitation of the services flowing from Government towards Citizens with the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT).
 **e-Citizenship - E-Citizenship will include the implementation of ICT for facilitation of Government Services relating to citizenship of an individual. It may involve online transactions relating to issue and renewal of documents like Ration Cards, Passports, Election Cards, Identity Cards, etc. It will require the Government to create a virtual identity of every citizen so as to enable them to access the Government services online. For the same, Government would need to create a Citizen Database which is a huge task.
 **e-Registration - E-Registration will cover the online registration of various contracts. An individual enters into several contracts during his life. Many of these contracts and transactions require registration for giving it legality and enforceability. Such registration may also be made ICT enabled. E-registration will help to reduce a significant amount of paperwork.
 **e-Health - E-Health services would be ICT enablement of the health services of the Government. Under this interconnection of all hospitals may take place. A patient database may be created. A local pharmacy database may also be created. All this can be done.
-**e-Education - E-Education would cover the implementation of ICT in imparting of education and conducting of Courses. Distant as will as classroom education will be facilitated with the use of ICT. Use of [[internet]] can reduce the communication time required in Distance education; Internet may also help in conducting online classes.
+**e-Education - E-Education would cover the implementation of ICT in imparting of education and conducting of Courses. Distant as will as classroom education will be facilitated with the use of ICT. Use of internet can reduce the communication time required in Distance education; Internet may also help in conducting online classes.
-**e-Help - E-Help refers to facilitation of disaster and crisis [[management]] using ICT. It includes the use of technologies like internet, SMS, etc. for the purpose of reducing the response time of the Government agencies to the disasters. NGOs help Government in providing help in situations of disasters. Online information relating to disasters, warnings and calls for help can help the Government and the NGOs coordinate their work and facilitate and speed up the rescue work.
+**e-Help - E-Help refers to facilitation of disaster and crisis management using ICT. It includes the use of technologies like internet, SMS, etc. for the purpose of reducing the response time of the Government agencies to the disasters. NGOs help Government in providing help in situations of disasters. Online information relating to disasters, warnings and calls for help can help the Government and the NGOs coordinate their work and facilitate and speed up the rescue work.
-**e-Taxation - E-Taxation will facilitate the taxing [[process]] by implementing ICT in the taxing process. Online tax due alerts and online payment of taxes would help transact faster.
+**e-Taxation - E-Taxation will facilitate the taxing process by implementing ICT in the taxing process. Online tax due alerts and online payment of taxes would help transact faster.
 **e-Transportation - E-Transportation services would include ICT enablement of services of Government relating to Transport by Road, Rail, Water or Air. This may involve online –
 *B. Citizen to Government (C2G): Citizen to Government relationship will include the communication of citizens with the Government arising in the Democratic process like voting, campaigning, feedback, etc.
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 == Aspects of e-Governance <ref>Aspects of e-Governance [^http://indiaegovernance.blogspot.com/2008/03/aspects-of-e-governance.html|Abhijeet Joshi]</ref> ==
-*[[Information Management]]: Information management is gathering and storing at one place, the information relating to the Government and Governing process. It is the systematic arrangement/classification of information. If the information of the Government is gathered at one place without any arrangement or management, it would prove difficult for the users to find the required information. Managing information is an important aspect of E-governance. Information management addresses the issues like – How to provide? What to provide? Whom to Provide? When to provide? Where to provide? Why to provide? The process of information management may further be divided into three aspects
+*Information Management: Information management is gathering and storing at one place, the information relating to the Government and Governing process. It is the systematic arrangement/classification of information. If the information of the Government is gathered at one place without any arrangement or management, it would prove difficult for the users to find the required information. Managing information is an important aspect of E-governance. Information management addresses the issues like – How to provide? What to provide? Whom to Provide? When to provide? Where to provide? Why to provide? The process of information management may further be divided into three aspects
 **(1) Database Management,
 **(2) Indicator Management, and
-**(3) [[Knowledge Management]].
+**(3) Knowledge Management.
 Database Management involves bare compilation and organisation of data and information at one place. Indicator Management involves storing with the information the catch words, labels, tags, meanings and context relating to the information. Knowledge Management involves managing the skills and know-how of the employees/experts of the Government for benefit of the Government. Information management is an integral aspect of E-commerce. It also proves essential for E-Governance. It helps transform the governing process in a business-like efficient and cost-effective process. Information management aims at reducing cost, improving performance, differentiating of products and services of Government, specialized/customized information, and citizen focus.
 *Identity and Access Management: Identity management is a set of processes and infrastructure for the creation, maintenance and use of digital identities for the purpose of access to E-governance portals and the information on those portals. Well established Identity management system helps setup an Access management system. The object of Identity Management is to create scalable, extensible and secure standards based framework for identity data acquisition and storage. Access management involves authentication of identity of the user and giving access to the Government and public information available online. Access management is necessary to give a secure access to information to the public. Securing of public information available online is very important due to recent online piracy and attacks on websites through hacking. e-governance would involve huge of sensitive public information up for grabs for the hackers of other countries. Further there are certain things which require to be accessed by only the Government officials. So online security of information is very necessary which can be done through Access management. Access management is only possible if there is an Identity Management system is already online and running successfully.
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 == Phases of e-Governance <ref>Phases of e-Governance [https://www.ita.gov.om/ITAPortal/Info/FAQ_eGovernmen.aspx e-Oman]</ref> ==
 *Information Phase
-In the first phase, e-Governance means, a presence on the web, providing the public (G2C & G2B) with relevant information. The format of the early government websites is similar to that of a brochure or leaflet. The value to the public is that government information is publicly accessible; processes are described and become more transparent, which improves democracy and [[service]]. Internally (G2G) the government can also deliver static information with electronic means, such as the Internet.
+In the first phase, e-Governance means, a presence on the web, providing the public (G2C & G2B) with relevant information. The format of the early government websites is similar to that of a brochure or leaflet. The value to the public is that government information is publicly accessible; processes are described and become more transparent, which improves democracy and service. Internally (G2G) the government can also deliver static information with electronic means, such as the Internet.
 *Interaction Phase
 In the second phase, the interaction between government and the public (G2C & G2B) is stimulated with various applications. People can ask questions via e-mail, use search engines, and download forms and documents. These save time. In fact the complete intake of (simple) applications can be done online 24 hours per day. Normally this would only have been possible at a counter during opening hours. Internally (G2G) government organisations use LANs, intranets and e-mail to communicate and exchange data.
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 == See Also ==
-*[[Information Governance (IG)]]
+*[[IT Governance]]
 *[[Social Media Governance]]
-*[[Information Management]]

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 ===Further Reading===
-*The Role of e-Governance in Bridging the Digital Divide [https://unchronicle.un.org/article/role-e-governance-bridging-digital-divide UN Chronicle]
+*[https://unchronicle.un.org/article/role-e-governance-bridging-digital-divide The Role of e-Governance in Bridging the Digital Divide -UN Chronicle]
-*A strategic framework for good governance through e-governance optimization [https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/PROG-12-2013-0067 Nirmaljeet Singh Kalsi]
+*[https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/PROG-12-2013-0067 A strategic framework for good governance through e-governance optimization -Nirmaljeet Singh Kalsi]
-*E-Governance in the Developing World in Action [http://ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/355/408 Arjan de Jager,Victor van Reijswoud]
+*[http://ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/355/408 E-Governance in the Developing World in Action -Arjan de Jager,Victor van Reijswoud]
-*A radical shift in e-governance [http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/A-radical-shift-in-e-governance/article15580351.ece The Hindu]
+*[http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/A-radical-shift-in-e-governance/article15580351.ece A radical shift in e-governance -The Hindu]
-*E-Governance and Civic Engagement: Factors and Determinants of E-Democracy ...[https://www.amazon.com/Governance-Civic-Engagement-Determinants-Democracy/dp/1613500831 Manoharan, Aroon]
+*[https://www.amazon.com/Governance-Civic-Engagement-Determinants-Democracy/dp/1613500831 E-Governance and Civic Engagement: Factors and Determinants of E-Democracy ...-Manoharan, Aroon]