Quality Assurance (QA) - Revision history

User at 23:59, 16 August 2023

2023-08-16T23:59:17Z

User at 19:36, 4 January 2023

2023-01-04T19:36:47Z

User at 20:58, 8 February 2021

2021-02-08T20:58:28Z

User: Created page with "'''Content Coming Soon'''"

2019-01-04T19:01:00Z

Created page with "'''Content Coming Soon'''"

New page

'''Content Coming Soon'''

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:59, 16 August 2023
Line 6:		Line 6:
	*"right first time" (mistakes should be eliminated).		*"right first time" (mistakes should be eliminated).
	QA includes management of the quality of raw materials, assemblies, products and components, services related to production, and management, production, and inspection processes. The two principles also manifest before the background of developing (engineering) a novel technical product: The task of engineering is to make it work once, while the task of quality assurance is to make it work all the time. Historically, defining what suitable product or service quality means has been a more difficult process, determined in many ways, from the subjective user-based approach that contains "the different weights that individuals normally attach to quality characteristics," to the value-based approach which finds consumers linking quality to price and making overall conclusions of quality based on such a relationship<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_assurance >Defining Quality Assurance (QA)]</ref>		QA includes management of the quality of raw materials, assemblies, products and components, services related to production, and management, production, and inspection processes. The two principles also manifest before the background of developing (engineering) a novel technical product: The task of engineering is to make it work once, while the task of quality assurance is to make it work all the time. Historically, defining what suitable product or service quality means has been a more difficult process, determined in many ways, from the subjective user-based approach that contains "the different weights that individuals normally attach to quality characteristics," to the value-based approach which finds consumers linking quality to price and making overall conclusions of quality based on such a relationship<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_assurance >Defining Quality Assurance (QA)]</ref>
−
−
−	~~== The Quality Assurance Process<ref>[https://www.guru99.com/all-about-quality-assurance.html How to do Quality Assurance: Complete Process]</ref> ==~~
−	~~Quality Assurance methodology has a defined cycle called the PDCA cycle or Deming cycle. The phases of this cycle are:~~
−	*Plan - Organization should plan and establish the process-related objectives and determine the processes that are required to deliver a high-Quality end product.
−	*Do - Development and testing of Processes and also "do" changes in the processes
−	*Check - Monitoring of processes, modify the processes, and check whether it meets the predetermined objectives
−	*Act - A Quality Assurance tester should implement actions that are necessary to achieve improvements in the processes
−
−
−	~~[[File:Quality Assurance Process.png\|400px\|Quality Assurance Process]]<br />~~
−	~~source: Guru99~~
−
−	These above steps are repeated to ensure that processes followed in the organization are evaluated and improved on a periodic basis. An organization must use Quality Assurance to ensure that the product is designed and implemented with the correct procedures. This helps reduce problems and errors, in the final product.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Quality Assurance (QA)''' is a way of preventing mistakes and defects in manufactured products and avoiding problems when delivering products or services to customers; which ISO 9000 defines as "part of quality management focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled". This defect prevention in quality assurance differs subtly from defect detection and rejection in quality control and has been referred to as a shift left since it focuses on quality earlier in the process (i.e., to the left of a linear process diagram reading left to right). Quality assurance comprises administrative and procedural activities implemented in a quality system so that requirements and goals for a product, service or activity will be fulfilled. It is the systematic measurement, comparison with a standard, monitoring of processes and an associated feedback loop that confers error prevention. This can be contrasted with quality control, which is focused on process output.
+== What is Quality Assurance (QA)? ==
 Quality assurance includes two principles:
 *"Fit for purpose" (the product should be suitable for the intended purpose); and
 *"right first time" (mistakes should be eliminated).
-QA includes management of the quality of raw materials, assemblies, products and components, services related to production, and management, production and inspection processes.The two principles also manifest before the background of developing (engineering) a novel technical product: The task of engineering is to make it work once, while the task of quality assurance is to make it work all the time. Historically, defining what suitable product or service quality means has been a more difficult process, determined in many ways, from the subjective user-based approach that contains "the different weights that individuals normally attach to quality characteristics," to the value-based approach which finds consumers linking quality to price and making overall conclusions of quality based on such a relationship<ref>What is Quality Assurance (QA)? [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_assurance Wikipedia]</ref>
+QA includes management of the quality of raw materials, assemblies, products and components, services related to production, and management, production, and inspection processes. The two principles also manifest before the background of developing (engineering) a novel technical product: The task of engineering is to make it work once, while the task of quality assurance is to make it work all the time. Historically, defining what suitable product or service quality means has been a more difficult process, determined in many ways, from the subjective user-based approach that contains "the different weights that individuals normally attach to quality characteristics," to the value-based approach which finds consumers linking quality to price and making overall conclusions of quality based on such a relationship<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_assurance >Defining Quality Assurance (QA)]</ref>
+== The Quality Assurance Process<ref>[https://www.guru99.com/all-about-quality-assurance.html How to do Quality Assurance: Complete Process]</ref> ==
-== The Quality Assurance Process<ref>How to do Quality Assurance: Complete Process [https://www.guru99.com/all-about-quality-assurance.html Guru99]</ref> ==
+Quality Assurance methodology has a defined cycle called the PDCA cycle or Deming cycle. The phases of this cycle are:
-Quality Assurance methodology has a defined cycle called [[PDCA Cycle (Plan-Do-Check-Act)|PDCA cycle]] or [[Deming Cycle (PDSA Cycle)|Deming cycle]]. The phases of this cycle are:
+*Plan - Organization should plan and establish the process-related objectives and determine the processes that are required to deliver a high-Quality end product.
 *Do - Development and testing of Processes and also "do" changes in the processes
 *Check - Monitoring of processes, modify the processes, and check whether it meets the predetermined objectives
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 source: Guru99
-These above steps are repeated to ensure that processes followed in the organization are evaluated and improved on a periodic basis. An organization must use Quality Assurance to ensure that the product is designed and implemented with correct procedures. This helps reduce problems and errors, in the final product.
+These above steps are repeated to ensure that processes followed in the organization are evaluated and improved on a periodic basis. An organization must use Quality Assurance to ensure that the product is designed and implemented with the correct procedures. This helps reduce problems and errors, in the final product.
-== How Quality Assurance Works<ref>How Quality Assurance Works [https://www.thebalancesmb.com/definition-of-quality-assurance-2533665 thebalancemb]</ref> ==
+== How Quality Assurance Works<ref>[https://www.thebalancesmb.com/definition-of-quality-assurance-2533665 How Does Quality Assurance Work?]</ref> ==
 Quality assurance methods focus on establishing good processes to produce products with the quality already built-in, rather than going through an unmonitored production process and trying to “inspect the quality” of a product that’s already been finished. Concepts of quality control can be traced back to at least the Middle Ages and the rise of guilds. A craftsman could access a network of connections with other craftsmen and suppliers by joining a guild organization. He could then benefit from the reputation of the guild based on standards of quality in the products produced by its members. The Industrial Revolution brought about more specialization in labor, as well as mechanization. Quality assurance evolved to address specialized tasks performed by workers. With the introduction of mass production, the need to monitor the quality of components being produced by large numbers of workers created a role for quality inspectors.
@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
-== Quality assurance Vs. Quality Control<ref>Difference Between Quality Assurance and Quality Control [https://asq.org/quality-resources/quality-assurance-vs-control Asq.org]</ref> ==
+== Quality assurance Vs. Quality Control<ref>[https://asq.org/quality-resources/quality-assurance-vs-control Difference Between Quality Assurance and Quality Control]</ref> ==
 Quality assurance and quality control are two aspects of quality management. While some quality assurance and quality control activities are interrelated, the two are defined differently. Typically, QA activities and responsibilities cover virtually all of the quality system in one fashion or another, while QC is a subset of the QA activities. Also, elements in the quality system might not be specifically covered by QA/QC activities and responsibilities but may involve QA and QC. The Figure below shows ISO 9000 definitions from ISO 9000:2015: Quality management systems - Fundamentals and Vocabulary.
@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 ''History of QA and QC''<br />
 Quality has been defined as fitness for use, conformance to requirements, and the pursuit of excellence. Even though the concept of quality has existed from early times, the study and definition of quality have been given prominence only in the last century.
-*1920s: Quality Control: Following the Industrial Revolution and the rise of mass production, it became important to better define and control the quality of products. Originally, the goal of quality was to ensure that engineering requirements were met in final products. Later, as manufacturing processes became more complex, quality developed into a discipline for controlling process variation as a means of producing quality products.
+*1920s: Quality Control: Following the Industrial Revolution and the rise of mass production, it became important to better define and control the quality of products. Originally, the goal of quality was to ensure that engineering requirements were met in the final products. Later, as manufacturing processes became more complex, quality developed into a discipline for controlling process variation as a means of producing quality products.
-*1950s: Quality Assurance and Auditing: The quality profession expanded to include the quality assurance and quality audit functions. The drivers of independent verification of quality were primarily industries in which public health and safety were paramount.
+*1950s: Quality Assurance and Auditing: The quality profession expanded to include quality assurance and quality audit functions. The drivers of independent verification of quality were primarily industries in which public health and safety were paramount.
 == See Also ==
-[[Quality Management System (QMS)]]<br />
+[[User Acceptance Testing (UAT)]]
 == References ==
 <references/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:58, 8 February 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	'''~~Content Coming Soon~~'''	+	'''Quality Assurance (QA)''' is a way of preventing mistakes and defects in manufactured products and avoiding problems when delivering products or services to customers; which ISO 9000 defines as "part of quality management focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled". This defect prevention in quality assurance differs subtly from defect detection and rejection in quality control and has been referred to as a shift left since it focuses on quality earlier in the process (i.e., to the left of a linear process diagram reading left to right). Quality assurance comprises administrative and procedural activities implemented in a quality system so that requirements and goals for a product, service or activity will be fulfilled. It is the systematic measurement, comparison with a standard, monitoring of processes and an associated feedback loop that confers error prevention. This can be contrasted with quality control, which is focused on process output.
		+
		+	Quality assurance includes two principles:
		+	*"Fit for purpose" (the product should be suitable for the intended purpose); and
		+	*"right first time" (mistakes should be eliminated).
		+	QA includes management of the quality of raw materials, assemblies, products and components, services related to production, and management, production and inspection processes.The two principles also manifest before the background of developing (engineering) a novel technical product: The task of engineering is to make it work once, while the task of quality assurance is to make it work all the time. Historically, defining what suitable product or service quality means has been a more difficult process, determined in many ways, from the subjective user-based approach that contains "the different weights that individuals normally attach to quality characteristics," to the value-based approach which finds consumers linking quality to price and making overall conclusions of quality based on such a relationship<ref>What is Quality Assurance (QA)? [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_assurance Wikipedia]</ref>
		+
		+
		+
		+	== The Quality Assurance Process<ref>How to do Quality Assurance: Complete Process [https://www.guru99.com/all-about-quality-assurance.html Guru99]</ref> ==
		+	Quality Assurance methodology has a defined cycle called [[PDCA Cycle (Plan-Do-Check-Act)\|PDCA cycle]] or [[Deming Cycle (PDSA Cycle)\|Deming cycle]]. The phases of this cycle are:
		+	*Plan - Organization should plan and establish the process related objectives and determine the processes that are required to deliver a high-Quality end product.
		+	*Do - Development and testing of Processes and also "do" changes in the processes
		+	*Check - Monitoring of processes, modify the processes, and check whether it meets the predetermined objectives
		+	*Act - A Quality Assurance tester should implement actions that are necessary to achieve improvements in the processes
		+
		+
		+	[[File:Quality Assurance Process.png\|400px\|Quality Assurance Process]]<br />
		+	source: Guru99
		+
		+	These above steps are repeated to ensure that processes followed in the organization are evaluated and improved on a periodic basis. An organization must use Quality Assurance to ensure that the product is designed and implemented with correct procedures. This helps reduce problems and errors, in the final product.
		+
		+
		+	== How Quality Assurance Works<ref>How Quality Assurance Works [https://www.thebalancesmb.com/definition-of-quality-assurance-2533665 thebalancemb]</ref> ==
		+	Quality assurance methods focus on establishing good processes to produce products with the quality already built-in, rather than going through an unmonitored production process and trying to “inspect the quality” of a product that’s already been finished. Concepts of quality control can be traced back to at least the Middle Ages and the rise of guilds. A craftsman could access a network of connections with other craftsmen and suppliers by joining a guild organization. He could then benefit from the reputation of the guild based on standards of quality in the products produced by its members. The Industrial Revolution brought about more specialization in labor, as well as mechanization. Quality assurance evolved to address specialized tasks performed by workers. With the introduction of mass production, the need to monitor the quality of components being produced by large numbers of workers created a role for quality inspectors.
		+
		+	'''Modern Approaches'''<br />
		+	Today's approaches to quality assurance may differ depending on the industry. For example, a hospital might implement QA methods to improve the quality of healthcare. This could include defining quality by understanding core activities in effective patient care, setting quality benchmarks, and measuring quality with surveys, audits, and supervision. Another business, such as a nutritional supplement manufacturer, would have completely different methods to ensure quality since its product parameters are completely different than a hospital. For example, the supplement company might guide its processes based on guidelines for active pharmaceutical ingredients.<br />
		+
		+	'''International Quality Assurance Standards'''<br />
		+	The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was founded in 1947 with the goal of ensuring quality across national borders.1 ISO consists of standards organizations that represent over 160 countries. It maintains an effective quality assurance system for manufacturing and service industries. One product of the ISO is the set of standards that have become known as the ISO 9000 family. The criteria detailed in these management systems are designed to help organizations meet statutory and regulatory requirements for product quality and consumer needs. Manufacturers and businesses can become certified by fulfilling the requirements defined in ISO 9001. This offers independent confirmation of an organization's adherence to quality standards. More than 1 million organizations around the world are ISO 9001 certified. To obtain ISO 9001 certification, the management of an organization develops quality assurance goals that are codified into policies and guidelines. These policies and guidelines are specifically designed to meet the unique needs of its business and manufacturing processes, and they're often crafted with the assistance of a consultant. Once the organization implements the guidelines, the systems are assessed for compliance with ISO 9000 standards. The results of the assessment identify any areas that fall outside of ISO standards. If the organization addresses any problem areas within a given time frame, then it receives certification.
		+
		+
		+	== Quality assurance Vs. Quality Control<ref>Difference Between Quality Assurance and Quality Control [https://asq.org/quality-resources/quality-assurance-vs-control Asq.org]</ref> ==
		+	Quality assurance and quality control are two aspects of quality management. While some quality assurance and quality control activities are interrelated, the two are defined differently. Typically, QA activities and responsibilities cover virtually all of the quality system in one fashion or another, while QC is a subset of the QA activities. Also, elements in the quality system might not be specifically covered by QA/QC activities and responsibilities but may involve QA and QC. The Figure below shows ISO 9000 definitions from ISO 9000:2015: Quality management systems - Fundamentals and Vocabulary.
		+
		+
		+	[[File:QA Vs QC.png\|400px\|Difference Between Quality Assurance and Quality Control]]<br />
		+	source: ASQ
		+
		+
		+	''Quality Assurance''<br />
		+	Quality assurance can be defined as "part of quality management focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled." The confidence provided by quality assurance is twofold—internally to management and externally to customers, government agencies, regulators, certifiers, and third parties. An alternate definition is "all the planned and systematic activities implemented within the quality system that can be demonstrated to provide confidence that a product or service will fulfill requirements for quality."<br />
		+
		+	''Quality Control''<br />
		+	Quality control can be defined as "part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements." While quality assurance relates to how a process is performed or how a product is made, quality control is more the inspection aspect of quality management. An alternate definition is "the operational techniques and activities used to fulfill requirements for quality."<br />
		+
		+	''Industry Perspectives on QA and QC''<br />
		+	For some service organizations, the concept of quality control may be foreign because there is no tangible product to inspect and control. The quality assurance function in a service organization may not include quality control of the service but may include quality control of any products involved in providing the service. A service may include products that are documents (such as a report, contract, or design) or tangible products (such as a rental car or units of blood). It may be necessary to control product quality in a service organization to ensure that the service meets customer requirements.<br />
		+
		+	''History of QA and QC''<br />
		+	Quality has been defined as fitness for use, conformance to requirements, and the pursuit of excellence. Even though the concept of quality has existed from early times, the study and definition of quality have been given prominence only in the last century.
		+	*1920s: Quality Control: Following the Industrial Revolution and the rise of mass production, it became important to better define and control the quality of products. Originally, the goal of quality was to ensure that engineering requirements were met in final products. Later, as manufacturing processes became more complex, quality developed into a discipline for controlling process variation as a means of producing quality products.
		+	*1950s: Quality Assurance and Auditing: The quality profession expanded to include the quality assurance and quality audit functions. The drivers of independent verification of quality were primarily industries in which public health and safety were paramount.
		+
		+
		+	== See Also ==
		+	[[Quality Management System (QMS)]]<br />
		+	[[Quality]]<br />
		+	[[Quality Competitive Index (QCi) Model]]<br />
		+	[[Quality Control (QC)]]<br />
		+	[[Quality Function Deployment (QFD)]]<br />
		+	[[Quality Management]]<br />
		+	[[Quality Management Maturity Grid (QMMG)]]<br />
		+	[[Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI)]]<br />
		+	[[Total Quality Management (TQM)]]<br />
		+	[[Information Quality Management (IQM)]]<br />
		+	[[Data Quality]]<br />
		+	[[Seven Basic Tools of Quality]]<br />
		+	[[Statistical Quality Control (SQC)]]<br />
		+
		+
		+	== References ==
		+	<references/>